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Tokyo Skytree – Access to the Sky

The meter-high Tokyo Skytree is also a symbol of Tokyo’s resilience and forward-thinking spirit. Completed in 2012, this broadcasting and observation tower has become an iconic part of the city’s skyline, attracting millions of visitors each year.

  • Location: Tokyo Skytree is located in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Year of Completion: The tower was completed in 2012.
  • Height: At 634 meters (2,080 feet), it is the tallest building in Japan and the second tallest in the world.
  • Architectural Style: The design has a modern aesthetic with traditional Japanese influences reminiscent of a pagoda.
  • Function: Tokyo Skytree serves as a broadcasting, observation and tourism facility.
  • Observation Decks: There are two observation decks: Tembo Deck at 350 meters and Tembo Galleria at 450 meters.
  • Lighting: The tower is illuminated at night, displaying various light patterns representing different themes and events.
  • Cultural Significance: The tower has become an iconic symbol of Tokyo, attracting millions of visitors each year.
  • Sustainability: The design incorporates earthquake-resistant technology, reflecting Japan’s commitment to safety in architecture.
  • Visitor Experience: Skytree is becoming a comprehensive cultural destination, offering shopping, dining and entertainment options.

Its sleek design and advanced technology embody the fusion of tradition and modernity, making Skytree a focal point for tourists and locals alike.

Structure Overview

Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan and the second tallest in the world. Its design is a blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics and state-of-the-art engineering. The tower features a unique, conical structure that provides stability against earthquakes, a very important consideration given Japan’s seismic activity. Skytree’s base is designed to resemble a five-story pagoda, paying homage to traditional Japanese architecture while incorporating modern materials such as reinforced concrete and steel.

Skytree is equipped with two observation decks offering breathtaking panoramic views of Tokyo and beyond. The lower deck is meters high, while the upper deck reaches meters high, making it an ideal vantage point for visitors to view the expansive cityscape and even Mount Fuji on clear days.

Historical Context

The construction of Tokyo Skytree was driven by the need for a new broadcasting tower as the existing Tokyo Tower was inadequate to meet the growing demands of television and radio broadcasting. The project began in 2008 with the aim of revitalizing the Sumida neighborhood.

The choice of location was strategic; it is located in a historic area that includes the famous Senso-ji Temple. The tower’s construction was not without its challenges; it had to meet strict earthquake-resistance standards, reflecting Japan’s ongoing battle with natural disasters. As Skytree rose, it became a symbol of hope and innovation, showing Japan’s commitment to modernity while paying homage to its rich cultural heritage.

Significance in Modern Architecture

Tokyo Skytree is often hailed as a masterpiece of modern architecture. Its innovative design challenges traditional tower aesthetics and combines function and form. The use of sustainable materials and energy-efficient technologies exemplifies contemporary architectural practices aimed at reducing environmental impact.

Skytree also showcases Japan’s engineering prowess, demonstrating how advanced technology can be harmoniously integrated into urban environments. The tower’s design also reflects a deep understanding of the local climate and geography, adapting to Tokyo’s unique environment. As a result, it serves as a model for future architectural projects worldwide and inspires architects to blend creativity and sustainability.

Cultural Impact

Beyond its architectural significance, Tokyo Skytree has become a cultural landmark symbolizing the resilience of its people. It has become a hub of activity, hosting a variety of attractions including shopping, dining and cultural exhibitions. The tower also plays an important role in local festivals and events, often illuminated in various colors to celebrate different occasions.

Skytree has become a canvas for artistic expression with light shows that transform the tower into a dynamic visual experience at night. These illuminations often represent seasonal themes or commemorate significant events, deepening its connection to the community. Tokyo Skytree is therefore a living part of the city’s cultural narrative.

Visitor Statistics

Since its opening, Tokyo Skytree has welcomed millions of visitors from around the world. In its first year alone, it attracted nearly one million people, a testament to its popularity. Each year these numbers continue to rise, making the tower one of Japan’s most visited landmarks.

Visitors also come to experience a range of attractions within the Skytree complex, including shopping centers and themed cafes. The blend of technology, culture and breathtaking architecture makes Tokyo Skytree a must-visit for anyone traveling to Japan. Skytree looks set to remain an integral part of Tokyo’s landscape for generations to come with its ongoing impact.

Design and Architectural Features

Architecture is a harmonious blend of art and science that shapes our environment and influences our daily lives. Design and architectural features play a crucial role in how we experience space, interact with structures and appreciate beauty. This exploration examines various dimensions of architectural design, focusing on style, innovations, materials, challenges and aesthetics.

Architectural Style

Architectural style is the visual and conceptual language of buildings reflecting a particular period, culture or movement. Styles such as Gothic, Baroque, Modernism and Postmodernism each have distinct characteristics that carry different values and functions. For example, Gothic architecture, with its pointed arches and flying buttresses, evokes a sense of grandeur and spirituality, as seen in cathedrals such as Notre-Dame in Paris.

Modernism, on the other hand, emphasizes function over form, embracing simplicity and minimalism. Buildings such as Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye promote a new way of living by displaying clean lines and open spaces. These styles not only define the aesthetics of a place, but also influence social interactions and cultural identity. By understanding architectural styles, we can appreciate how they reflect the evolution of human thought and societal needs.

Structural Innovations

Structural innovations are breakthroughs in engineering that allow architects to push the boundaries of design. These innovations enable the creation of buildings that are not only visually stunning but also functional and sustainable. The revolutionary use of steel and reinforced concrete in tall buildings is a prime example. The Willis Tower in Chicago stands as a testament to these advances, rising floor by floor with a frame that supports both height and stability.

Another important innovation is the development of smart technologies integrated into buildings. These technologies improve energy efficiency, safety and occupant comfort. The Edge in Amsterdam creates a responsive environment using intelligent systems to optimize lighting and temperature. Such innovations lead to more sustainable practices and improve the quality of life for building occupants, demonstrating how advances in engineering can transform architectural possibilities.

Materials Used

The choice of materials in architecture is fundamental and also affects the functionality and sustainability of a building. Traditional materials such as wood and stone have been used for centuries, providing warmth and durability. However, contemporary architecture often uses advanced materials such as glass, steel and environmentally friendly composites.

For example, the use of glass in modern skyscrapers creates a sense of openness, allowing for expansive views and natural light. The Crystal Island project in Moscow is a case in point, with a unique glass facade that reflects its surroundings. In addition, sustainable materials, such as bamboo and recycled metals, are gaining popularity in line with the growing emphasis on environmental responsibility in construction. These choices shape the character of buildings and reflect a growing awareness of the ecological impact of architecture.

Engineering Challenges

Every architectural undertaking brings its own engineering challenges. These challenges can range from environmental concerns and site conditions to budget constraints and safety regulations. For example, constructing a building in an earthquake-prone region requires innovative engineering solutions to ensure stability and safety, as seen in the design of Taipei in Taiwan, which includes a massive tuned mass damper to counter seismic forces.

Moreover, the integration of sustainable practices often poses challenges. Architects must balance aesthetics with energy efficiency while adhering to local building codes. Bosco Verticale in Milan shows how engineers overcame the challenge of integrating greenery into a residential complex, creating vertical forests that increase biodiversity and improve air quality. Overcoming these challenges also encourages creativity and ingenuity in architectural design.

Aesthetic Elements

Aesthetics in architecture goes beyond mere beauty; it evokes emotions and creates connections between people and places. The use of color, form, texture and light can transform a space, making it inviting and memorable. For example, the vibrant colors and intricate tile work of the Alhambra in Spain create an enchanting atmosphere that reflects the cultural richness of its time.

Moreover, the interplay of light and shadow can dramatically change the perception of a building. At the Guggenheim Museum in New York, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the interaction of natural light creates a dynamic space that enhances the experience of art. Aesthetic elements also influence how individuals interact with and feel in space, reinforcing the idea that architecture is an art form deeply intertwined with the human experience.

In conclusion, design and architectural features encompass a wide range of elements that define our built environment. From the styles that characterize different eras to the innovations that solve modern challenges, each element contributes to the rich tapestry of architecture. By understanding these components, we can appreciate the profound impact of thoughtful design on our lives and the world around us.

Construction Journey

The construction journey of any building or infrastructure is a complex and fascinating process. It involves careful planning, skilled craftsmanship and a touch of creativity. Understanding this journey helps us appreciate not only the final structure, but also the intricate steps that bring it to life. From initial concept to final delivery, every stage of construction plays a vital role in shaping the built environment around us.

Construction Timeline

A construction timeline is like a roadmap that guides a project from inception to completion. Initially, there is a conceptualization phase where architects and stakeholders define the vision and requirements of the project. This is followed by comprehensive planning, which involves creating detailed drawings and obtaining the necessary permits.

Once the planning phase is complete, actual construction begins. This period can vary greatly depending on the complexity of the project. For example, a small residential house may take a few months, while a large commercial building may take years. Throughout this timeline, regular assessments are conducted to ensure that the project remains on schedule and within budget.

As construction progresses, it is essential to adapt to changes such as weather conditions, supply chain issues or changes in design. Each phase builds on the previous one, creating a rhythm of progress that will allow the structure to be finally ready for use.

Milestones

Key milestones in construction serve as important markers that indicate the progress of the project. These milestones can vary but usually include the completion of foundation work, the erection of the building’s framework, the installation of critical systems such as plumbing and electrical, and finishing touches such as flooring and painting.

For example, reaching the ‘top-down’ stage, where the last beam is placed on top of the structure, is a major achievement celebrated by the teams. This marks the structural completion of the building and allows the next phases of work to begin. Each milestone achieved gives stakeholders confidence in the project’s progress.

Moreover, documenting these milestones is crucial for future reference. They help assess the efficiency of the construction process and provide insights that can be applied to future projects.

Technology Used

In today’s construction industry, technology plays a crucial role in improving efficiency and safety. Modern construction utilizes a variety of tools and techniques that streamline processes and improve outcomes. For example, Building Information Modeling (BIM) allows architects and engineers to create detailed digital representations of buildings. This technology facilitates collaboration, reduces errors and enables better visualization of the final product before construction begins.

Drones are also increasingly being used to inspect sites, providing aerial views that help monitor progress and ensure work is in line with plans. In addition, advances in materials science have led to the development of stronger, more sustainable building materials that can stand the test of time.

From project management software that tracks progress to 3D printing to create components on-site, technology has transformed the construction journey, making it faster, safer and more efficient.

Labor and Collaboration

The success of any construction project relies heavily on the workforce and the combined efforts of various professionals. A construction site is a melting pot of skilled workers, engineers, architects and project managers, all working towards a common goal. Every role is important and effective communication between team members is crucial.

Collaboration also takes place with external stakeholders such as suppliers, regulatory bodies and the community. Regular meetings, updates and site visits ensure that everyone is aligned with the project’s objectives and timelines.

It is also vital to foster a positive working environment. When employees feel valued and engaged, their productivity and morale increase, leading to higher quality work. Training programs focusing on safety and skills development also play an important role in maintaining a skilled and motivated workforce.

Overcoming Barriers

Whether it’s unpredictable weather, budget constraints or logistical challenges, every construction project faces obstacles. The ability to adapt and problem-solve sets successful projects apart.

For example, a sudden rainstorm can delay work on site, but having contingency plans in place, such as alternative work schedules or temporary shelters, can help mitigate the impact. Budget overruns may require re-evaluating certain project elements or finding cost-effective alternatives without compromising quality.

Moreover, fostering a culture of flexibility among the team is crucial. Encouraging innovative thinking and open communication helps teams overcome challenges. Real-world examples abound of projects that faced significant obstacles but ultimately succeeded through teamwork and creative solutions.

In summary, the construction journey is a dynamic and multifaceted process that requires careful planning, collaboration and adaptability. Each stage contributes to the creation of structures that enrich our lives and societies, making the journey as important as the destination.

Visitor Experience

In architecture, visitor experience plays a crucial role in how people interact with a space. It encompasses everything from first impressions to the lasting memories a building or space can evoke. An enriching visitor experience combines functionality, aesthetics and emotional resonance to create a place that invites exploration and connection. Let’s explore the various components of this experience, focusing on observation decks, amenities, guided tours, special events and accessibility features.

Observation Decks

Observation decks are often the crown jewel of tall buildings and iconic structures. They offer breathtaking views that allow visitors to see their surroundings from a unique vantage point. The appeal of an observation deck also lies in the emotions it evokes – a sense of awe, excitement and scale.

Imagine standing at the top of a skyscraper and looking out over a vast cityscape. The intricate patterns of streets, the mix of historic and modern architecture and the distant horizon come together to create a tapestry of urban life. Observation decks can also include interactive elements such as telescopes or augmented reality features that provide context about the landmarks below.

Real-world examples such as the Empire State Building in New York or the SkyDeck in Chicago illustrate how observation decks can become cultural icons in their own right. They often serve as social meeting points where people share moments of awe and connection with friends and family.

Amenities and Facilities

Amenities and facilities enhance the overall visitor experience by providing comfort and convenience. When exploring a new architectural wonder, small details can make a significant difference. Clean restrooms, comfortable seating areas and well-placed food options allow visitors to relax and recharge, making their visit more enjoyable.

Consider the role of cafés and souvenir shops offering local products and beverages. These spaces also contribute to the local economy. Furthermore, providing Wi-Fi access and charging stations meets the needs of the modern traveler, enabling them to instantly share their experiences on social media.

The design of these facilities should blend seamlessly with the architecture, enhancing rather than detracting from the overall aesthetic. Thoughtful placement and design can create inviting spaces that encourage visitors to linger and create a deeper connection with the space.

Guided Tours and Information

Guided tours are a vital part of the visitor experience, offering insights that enrich one’s understanding of architecture and its history. Knowledgeable guides share the stories, anecdotes and context that bring a building to life. These tours can range from in-depth explorations of design elements to thematic journeys focusing on art, culture or sustainability.

Audio guides and mobile apps have also changed the way visitors interact with architectural sites. They allow for self-exploration, giving people the freedom to delve deeper into their personal interests. Multimedia elements such as videos and augmented reality can enrich the narrative and make the experience more immersive.

For example, the Guggenheim Museum in New York offers guided tours that explore the building’s unique spiral design created by Frank Lloyd Wright. Such experiences deepen appreciation for both art and architecture.

Special Events

Special events can significantly enhance the visitor experience, turning a simple visit into a memorable event. These events often celebrate cultural heritage, the arts or seasonal festivities and can include everything from art installations to concerts and workshops.

For example, the Sydney Opera House hosts a variety of events throughout the year, including dance performances, music festivals and educational programs. These events create a vibrant atmosphere, inviting the community to interact with the space in different ways.

Moreover, special events can attract visitors who might not otherwise consider visiting. By providing unique experiences, these events foster a sense of community and belonging, and transform architectural spaces from places just to be seen to places to be experienced and valued.

Accessibility Features

Accessibility is a fundamental element of the visitor experience, ensuring that everyone can enjoy architectural wonders, regardless of their physical abilities. Thoughtful design combines features such as ramps, elevators and tactile pathways to make venues navigable for everyone.

For example, the Louvre Museum in Paris has made significant strides in accessibility by providing guided tours for visitors with disabilities and ensuring that its facilities cater to different needs. This commitment not only reflects inclusivity, but also enhances the overall visitor experience by allowing everyone to interact with art and architecture.

Creating an accessible environment goes beyond physical adaptations; it also involves training staff to assist visitors and fostering an atmosphere of understanding and respect. By prioritizing accessibility, architectural spaces become truly welcoming and invite all individuals to share in the beauty and inspiration they offer.

As a result, the visitor experience encompasses a multitude of factors that combine to create a rich and engaging journey through architectural spaces. From stunning observation decks and thoughtful amenities to enlightening guided tours, special events and inclusive accessibility features, each element contributes to a holistic experience that resonates long after visitors leave. By focusing on these elements, architects and planners can ensure that their works are vibrant destinations that inspire and connect people.

Impact on the Surrounding Area

Architecture plays a vital role in shaping the environment around us. The influence of architectural projects extends far beyond their physical structures, affecting economic factors, urban development, transportation networks, environmental conditions and community dynamics. Understanding these connections helps us appreciate the broader importance of architectural design in our daily lives.

Economic Benefits

The economic benefits of architectural projects are profound and multifaceted. When a new building or development is brought to an area, it often acts as a catalyst for economic growth. This can occur in a variety of ways, such as job creation during and after the construction phase as businesses occupy the space. For example, a new shopping center can attract retailers, stimulating local trade and providing employment opportunities.

In addition, well-designed buildings can increase surrounding property values. As a neighborhood improves aesthetically and functionally, it attracts potential buyers and investors. This trend can lead to revitalization in economically depressed areas, transforming them into vibrant hubs of activity. Cities like Detroit have experienced significant recoveries in specific neighborhoods thanks to thoughtful architectural interventions, showing how investing in the built environment can economically lift entire communities.

Urban Development

Architectural design is the cornerstone of urban development. As cities continue to grow, the need for innovative solutions for housing, commercial space and public amenities becomes increasingly urgent. Architects and urban planners are collaborating to create spaces that are not only functional but also enrich the urban fabric. For example, mixed-use developments that combine residential, retail and office space help create vibrant neighborhoods where people can live, work and play without being heavily dependent on transportation.

Integrating green spaces into urban developments is another vital aspect. Parks, community gardens and recreational spaces contribute to the overall quality of life, encourage social interaction and provide residents with a break from the urban hustle and bustle. Cities like Barcelona exemplify this approach, where urban planning emphasizes accessibility and community well-being, and show how architecture can shape urban landscapes to promote more cohesive communities.

Transportation Improvements

Transportation is an important aspect of how architecture affects the spaces around it. Carefully designed buildings can enhance transportation networks, making it easier for people to navigate urban environments. For example, integrating public transportation stations into architectural designs can greatly improve accessibility. This is evident in developments such as the High Line in New York City, where the redesigned railway connects various neighborhoods, encouraging walking and cycling.

Architecture can also alleviate traffic congestion by supporting mixed-use developments that encourage people to live closer to their workplaces. By reducing the need for long commutes, these designs contribute to lower carbon emissions and a more sustainable urban ecosystem. Cities like Copenhagen that prioritize pedestrian-friendly designs show how architecture can transform transportation dynamics and promote healthier lifestyles.

Environmental Considerations

In today’s world, environmental considerations in architectural design are extremely important. Sustainable architecture aims to minimize the ecological footprint of buildings while promoting energy efficiency and resource conservation. This approach not only benefits the environment, but also improves the quality of life of building occupants.

For example, integrating green roofs, solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems into architectural designs can reduce dependence on non-renewable resources and lower utility costs for building occupants. Environmentally friendly materials and construction methods also contribute to more sustainable practices. Cities such as San Francisco have embraced these principles, mandating green building practices that lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and waste.

In addition, thoughtful landscaping that incorporates native plants can increase biodiversity, providing habitats for local wildlife and improving air quality. The shift towards sustainable architecture reflects a growing awareness of our responsibilities towards the planet and emphasizes the importance of protecting the environment for future generations.

Community Engagement

Community engagement is crucial in the architectural process and ensures that developments meet the needs and aspirations of local residents. When architects involve the community in the design process, they foster a sense of ownership and pride among residents. This engagement can take various forms, such as public meetings, workshops or collaborative design sessions where residents can voice their opinions and contribute ideas.

The result is often a built environment that reflects the cultural identity and values of the community. For example, community-driven projects in cities such as Portland have led to the creation of spaces that celebrate local history and culture and foster social cohesion and community spirit. By prioritizing participation, architects can create designs that resonate with the people they serve and ensure that new developments are embraced rather than resisted.

In conclusion, the impact of architecture on the environment is significant and far-reaching. From economic revitalization and urban development to improved transportation, environmental sustainability and social inclusion, architecture fundamentally shapes our lives. With these considerations in mind, architects can also create vibrant, sustainable communities that thrive together.

Future Prospects

The architectural landscape is constantly evolving, shaped by innovations, cultural shifts and the pressing needs of society. As we examine the outcomes and future prospects of landmark structures such as the Tokyo Skytree, we also explore how they influence future trends in architecture worldwide.

Legacy of Tokyo Skytree

Tokyo Skytree stands as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. Completed in 2012, it was built to serve multiple purposes: a broadcasting tower, an observation platform and a cultural identity marker for Tokyo. Rising meters high, it also reimagined the possibilities of urban architecture. Reflecting traditional Japanese aesthetics, its design is a harmonious blend of past and future. Skytree has become a symbol of hope and renewal, especially after Japan’s recovery from the earthquake. It has inspired architects worldwide to consider how buildings can embody cultural narratives while responding to modern needs.

Future Developments

Looking ahead, with Tokyo Skytree serving as an influential model, the future of architecture is poised for exciting developments. Architects and urban planners are increasingly focusing on sustainability, integrating environmentally friendly materials, energy-efficient technologies and smart systems into their designs. With its advanced seismic resistance properties, Skytree demonstrates how modern architecture can prioritize safety and sustainability. Future developments could see even taller structures that push the boundaries of engineering, as well as green spaces and community areas that encourage social interaction. As cities grow and evolve, the lessons learned from Skytree will guide the way new buildings blend with their surroundings.

Global Impact

Tokyo Skytree’s influence extends far beyond Japan. As one of the world’s tallest structures, it has inspired architects and engineers around the world to push the boundaries of what is architecturally possible. Its unique design and technological innovations have sparked debates about vertical urbanism, where cities use height to maximize space in densely populated areas. Countries facing similar urban challenges look to Skytree as a model for combining functionality with a breathtaking aesthetic. Events such as the illumination of the Tokyo Skytree have also influenced urban lighting projects around the world, encouraging cities to enhance their nightscapes in innovative ways.

Continuing Relevance in Architecture

The importance of Tokyo Skytree in contemporary architecture cannot be overstated. It serves as a case study for balancing modern needs with cultural significance. As cities grapple with issues such as population density and environmental sustainability, the principles of adaptability, flexibility and community involvement embodied in Skytree’s design remain important. Architects are increasingly interested in creating landmarks that also serve practical purposes for society. Skytree continues to inspire discussions on creating multifunctional public spaces that encourage social interactions and enhance the urban experience.

FAQ

1. What is Tokyo Skytree?

Tokyo Skytree is a broadcasting, observation and tourism tower located in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan.

2. When was Tokyo Skytree completed?

The tower was completed in 2012.

3. How tall is Tokyo Skytree?

At 634 meters (2,080 feet), it is the tallest structure in Japan and the second tallest in the world.

4. What architectural style does Tokyo Skytree represent?

The design has a modern aesthetic with traditional Japanese influences reminiscent of a pagoda.

5. What are the main functions of Tokyo Skytree?

It serves as a broadcasting tower, observation point and a major tourist attraction.

6. How many observation decks are there at Tokyo Skytree?

Tokyo Skytree has two observation decks: Tembo Deck at 350 meters and Tembo Galleria at 450 meters.

7. Is Tokyo Skytree illuminated at night?

Yes, the tower is beautifully illuminated at night and displays various light patterns.

8. What is the cultural significance of Tokyo Skytree?

It has become an iconic symbol of Tokyo, attracting millions of visitors and representing modern Japanese architecture.

9. How does Tokyo Skytree ensure safety during earthquakes?

The design incorporates advanced earthquake-resistant technology, reflecting Japan’s focus on safety in construction.

10. What visitor experiences are available at Tokyo Skytree?

Visitors can enjoy shopping, dining and entertainment options, making it a comprehensive cultural destination.

Thoughts on Tokyo Skytree

Tokyo Skytree is a monumental feat of modern architecture, completed in 2012. Reaching a height of 634 meters, the tower not only dominates Tokyo’s skyline but also serves as a symbol of Japan’s resilience and innovation. The tower’s design integrates traditional Japanese elements with contemporary aesthetics, creating a striking visual impact that resonates with locals and visitors alike.

Every detail of Tokyo Skytree reflects a commitment to safety and sustainability, incorporating advanced earthquake-resistant technology essential in a seismically active region. Two observation decks offer breathtaking panoramic views of the city, allowing guests to experience Tokyo from a completely new perspective. At night, the illuminated facade turns the tower into a dazzling beacon, further cementing its status as an iconic landmark.

As a cultural hub, Tokyo Skytree brings together shopping, dining and entertainment, making it a vibrant destination for people of all ages. Its presence enriches the surrounding area and contributes to the dynamic spirit of Tokyo.

What are your thoughts on Tokyo Skytree? Do you believe that its design effectively captures the essence of modern Japan? Is there a particular feature of the tower that stands out for you? We invite you to share your views.

Architect: Tobu Railway Co.
Architectural Style: Modern with Traditional Japanese Influences
Year: 2012
Location: Sumida, Tokyo, Japan

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